Johnson SN, Waterman JM, Wuhrer R, Rowe RC, Hall CR, Cibils-Stewart X
If you take a standard powdered supplement, much of the active ingredient may be broken down by stomach acid or simply pass through your digestive tract without being absorbed into the bloodstream
10.1016/j.msard.2017.07.001 127
To test for changes in neurochemical levels over time, linear mixed-effects models were run using the lmer function in the lme4 package (version 1.1.27.1) 27 , with timepoint (1 or 2) and group (Con-Con, Mig-Mig, Con-Mig) included as fixed effects (including a timepoint by group interaction), and subject included as a random effect
Quality is a further, non-trivial concern with any research-chemical-grade material