Abbreviations ABCG2: ATP-binding cassette subfamily G, member 2 AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase BCRP: Breast cancer resistance protein CXCL-1: Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase GLUT9: Glucose transporter 9 GSIS: Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion IL-6: Interleukin-6 MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 NCX mito : mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchanger NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa B nNOS: Neural nitric oxide synthase NO: Nitric oxide NOS: Nitric oxide synthase ROS: Reactive oxygen species SLC: Solute carrier family SSPG: Steady-state plasma glucose T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus URAT1: Urate transporter 1 References Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, Huang Y, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Ohlrogge AW, et al
These compounds are not interchangeable even where outcomes might overlap: one targets hormonal signalling, the other fundamental cellular metabolism
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Diminished effects can occur with continuous daily use
Intravenous (IV) infusions are one method
