Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and flavonoids exert beneficial effects on AD-related pathways by reducing oxidative stress, suppressing neuroinflammation, preventing A aggregation, and modulating tau hyperphosphorylation (Liu et al., 2024)
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BALB/c mice provide essential insights into both immunological and neurodegenerative mechanisms, contributing significantly to understanding and addressing AD-related challenges
In innate immunity, Clostridium modulates macrophage polarization (shifting from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2), induces tolerogenic dendritic cell phenotypes to suppress excessive antigen presentation, regulates inflammatory body activity and neutrophil hyperactivation, and modulates ILC subsets to reinforce mucosal defense
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